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Intorduction

A perceptron is a simple model of a biological neuron in an artificial neural network. Perceptron is also the name of an early algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers.

The perceptron algorithm was designed to classify visual inputs, categorizing subjects into one of two types and separating groups with a line. Classification is an important part of machine learning and image processing. Machine learning algorithms find and classify patterns by many different means. The perceptron algorithm classifies patterns and groups by finding the linear separation between different objects and patterns that are received through numeric or visual input.

https://youtu.be/OZ7FVdTksUE

The perceptron algorithm was developed at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in 1957, funded by the United States Office of Naval Research. The algorithm was the first step planned for a machine implementation for image recognition. The machine, called Mark 1 Perceptron, was physically made up of an array of 400 photocells connected to perceptron’s whose weights were recorded in potentiometers, as adjusted by electric motors. The machine was one of the first artificial neural networks ever created.

At the time, the perceptron was expected to be very significant for the development of artificial intelligence (AI). While high hopes surrounded the initial perceptron, technical limitations were soon demonstrated. Single-layer perceptron’s can only separate classes if they are linearly separable. Later on, it was discovered that by using multiple layers, perceptron’s can classify groups that are not linearly separable, allowing them to solve problems single layer algorithms can’t solve.

Capital Market & Portfolio Investment

INTRODUCTION

The term capital market broadly defines the place where various entities trade different financial instruments. These venues may include the stock market, the bond market, and the currency and foreign exchange markets. Most markets are concentrated in major financial centers including New York, London, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

Capital markets are composed of the suppliers and users of funds. Suppliers include households and the institutions serving them—pension funds, life insurance companies, charitable foundations, and non-financial companies—that generate cash beyond their needs for investment. Users of funds include home and motor vehicle purchasers, non-financial companies, and governments financing infrastructure investment and operating expenses. Capital markets are used to sell financial products such as equities and debt securities. Equities are stocks, which are ownership shares in a company. Debt securities, such as bonds, are interest-bearing IOU.

These markets are divided into two different categories: -

Primary Markets where new equity stock and bond issues are sold to investors and Secondary Markets, which trade existing securities. Capital markets are a crucial part of a functioning modern economy because they move money from the people who have it to those who need it for productive use.

A stock market, equity market or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately. Examples of the latter include shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Stock exchanges list shares of common equity as well as other security types, e.g. corporate bonds and convertible bonds.

STOCK EXCHANGE

A stock exchange is an exchange (or bourse) where stock brokers and traders can buy and sell shares of stock, bonds, and other securities. Many large companies have their stocks listed on a stock exchange. This makes the stock more liquid and thus more attractive to many investors. The exchange may also act as a guarantor of settlement. Other stocks may be traded "over the counter" (OTC), that is, through a dealer. Some large companies will have their stock listed on more than one exchange in different countries, so as to attract international investors.

Sample : govt stocks are good for long term (defence , energy - basic essential), so many pvt companies also good for long and short term. everything oriented in risk.

TRADE

Trade in stock markets means the transfer (in exchange for money) of a stock or security from a seller to a buyer. This requires these two parties to agree on a price. Equities (stocks or shares) confer an ownership interest in a particular company. Participants in the stock market range from small individual stock investors to larger investors, who can be based anywhere in the world, and may include banks, insurance companies, pension funds and hedge funds. Their buy or sell orders may be executed on their behalf by a stock exchange trader.

How to invest in share market?

Demat and Trading Accounts:

what you have to do to invest in the share market? Firstly, open a demat and trading account online with a broker and link your bank account with that. Opening demat account is a very simple and easy process. Once you have your demat and trading account, you can start investing in the Indian share market. It’s essential for you to be familiar with the stock exchanges and their functions. Stock exchange is where buying and selling of shares take place. The stock exchanges are regulated by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India). The 2 important stock exchanges of India are NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange).

goals: -

• Define your life goals

• Learn about financial assets

• Choose the respective asset as per your need

• Start investing regularly

• Fulfill your goals

Difference between NSE and BSE

Founded in :- 1992, 1875
Benchmark Index :- Nifty, Sensex
Total companies in Index :- 50, 30
Known as:- The largest stock exchange, The oldest stock exchange
Number of listed companies :- 5000+, 1600+
MD & CEO:- Mr. Ashish Kumar Chauhan, Mr. Vikram Limaye
Trading volume :- Higher, Lower than NSE

National Stock Exchange (NSE) was founded in 1992 and is in Mumbai. Electronic trading platform was first introduced by the NSE. Nifty50: Nifty is the abbreviation of National Stock Exchange 50. It is the benchmark index of NSE comprising 50 stocks.

BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) was founded in 1875 and is the oldest stock exchange in Asia. Sensex is the benchmark index of BSE and it is derived from the words sensitive and index. Sensex comprises of 30 stocks.

Sensex and Nifty are the face of the Indian as these either go up or down depending on various political and economic factors.

Key Financial Instruments Traded in Stock Market

• Shares/ Equity:

Equities or stocks or shares give you ownership of a company. You can buy or sell shares through a broker.

• Mutual funds:

Here, the money is pooled from many investors and then invested in various financial instruments. Investors are referred to as unit holders. Profit generated is distributed to unit holders in proportion to the units held by them.

• Bonds:

These are fixed income instruments also known as debt instruments by which government or a company borrows money from investors at an agreed interest rate for a specific tenure. These are less risky when compared to shares.

• Derivatives:

A derivative is a financial contract whose value is derived from an underlying asset. It can be used to mitigate a number of risks. Derivatives include forward, futures, options and swaps.

Share market tips:

• It’s always better to do your own research before investing.

• It’s not wise to take decision based on rumors.

• Monitor your investments regularly so that you can eliminate the loss-making stocks.

• Patience is very essential for any investor.

• Take the help of research experts also before making an investment move.

• Always be updated with share market news.

LEVERAGED STRATEGIES

SHORT SELLING

In short selling, the trader borrows stock (usually from his brokerage which holds its clients' shares or its own shares on account to lend to short sellers) then sells it on the market, betting that the price will fall. The trader eventually buys back the stock, making money if the price fell in the meantime and losing money if it rose. Exiting a short position by buying back the stock is called "covering". This strategy may also be used by unscrupulous traders in illiquid or thinly traded markets to artificially lower the price of a stock.

MARGIN BUYING

In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks' value.

Advantages of Investing in the Stock Market

• Investment Gains

• Dividend Income

• Diversification

• Ownership

PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT

Portfolio investments can span a wide range of asset classes such as stocks, government bonds, corporate bonds, Treasury bills, real estate investment trusts (REITs), exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds and certificates of deposit. Portfolio investments can also include options, derivatives such as warrants and futures, and physical investments such as commodities, real estate, land, and timber. The composition of investments in a portfolio depends on a number of factors. Some of the most important include the investor’s risk tolerance, investment horizon and amount invested. For a young investor with limited funds, mutual funds or exchange-traded funds may be appropriate portfolio investments. For a high net worth individual, portfolio investments may include stocks, bonds, commodities, and rental properties.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• A portfolio investment is a diversified approach to investing that seeks a return.

• A portfolio investment is long-term and passive (buy-and-hold) strategy.

• Risk tolerance and time horizon are key factors in building any portfolio investment.

Why do companies get listed on exchanges?

1. Transparency and automated trading

2. Huge Reach

3. High transaction speed

Role of exchanges

1. Market where securities are traded

2. Responsible for evaluation of stock prices

3. Safeguards investors

4. Acts as barometer for a country’s economy

5. Broader range of investment avenues

CONCLUSION

An investment fund is a supply of capital belonging to numerous investors used to collectively purchase securities while each investor retains ownership and control of his own shares. Though it is often said that stock market investment is risky with little effort you can earn regularly from the stock market. All you need is the right strategy and skills to choose the right stocks. Besides you should have ability to take risks and stay positive even at the bad times.

SKILL

In today’s world, employers and recruiters have realised that it is much easier to train smart individuals how to perform the specifics of any role. This is as long as they have already acquired a much harder-to-teach skill set. This skill set comprises the likes of critical thinking, soft skills, and some basic competency in a few areas of expertise.

If you want to get the job of your dreams therefore, or excel in the career you are already following, have a look at the skills below, assess where you stand, and find a way to polish the areas you are not doing so well in.

1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS (LISTENING, SPEAKING AND WRITING)

Communication skills are perhaps the first set of skills that potential employers will notice. From the initial moment you get in touch with them, the employer will be scrutinising the way you behave.

Be it the way you talk over the phone, the way you give them information on email, your resume and cover letter, or the way you carry yourself during the interview, they will be assessing whether you have polished communication skills.

Make sure that you proof read any form of written communication you send them, and take your time to listen to what they ask you (or read their instructions carefully), and answer in well-thought out, grammatically correct sentences. The way you communicate your thoughts should be impeccable, as this is the way they expect you to communicate with colleagues and clients alike throughout your tenure in their organisation.

2 ANALYTICAL AND RESEARCH SKILLS

As much as you think a question/problem presented to you is a piece of cake, be very wary of giving a rushed answer. Take the time to analyse the situation, think of all possible scenarios, and if possible ask for some time to go and do some research to find out more.

Being analytical, but also having strong research skills, differentiates one employee from the other. It demonstrates your determination, your ability to assess different scenarios, and your commitment to be 100% sure before giving an answer to your employer. It could mean the difference between a badly thought out idea and something that may gain the company a huge profit!

3 FLEXIBILITY/ADAPTABILITY

An ability to manage multiple assignments at the same time, and being flexible enough to work under ever changing conditions, management, environment and rules is highly appreciated.

In today’s world, a job description is very fluid, and can change shape at any time. An employee that is willing to work under a multitude of changing circumstances is highly sought after.

Being able to adapt from one working environment to the next, or even from one type of assignment to another, is a big advantage. It demonstrates the individual’s commitment to the organisation, and will influence their career progression.

4 INTERPERSONAL ABILITIES

“No man is an island”. So the saying goes. Increasingly in the workplace, we all have to work with others in order to complete a project.

Be it working in a team, or dealing with clients or suppliers, interpersonal abilities is a definite advantage and something employers always look for.

The ability to build relationships with those around you under any circumstances, and the ability to inspire them to do what needs to be done is essential.

5 ABILITY TO MAKE DECISIONS AND SOLVE PROBLEMS

Decision making and problem solving is another skill that is high in demand. The ability to identify complex problems and review related information in order to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions, can distinguish one employee from another. The ability to use critical thinking to rationalise a decision will set an individual apart.

6 ABILITY TO PLAN, ORGANISE AND PRIORITISE WORK

Simple as it may sound, an individual that can show that he/she has been able to plan and organise their work is very valuable. Pay special attention to the way you plan your tasks, and ensure you keep up with all the deadlines you are given.

An employee that can stick to assigned timelines and can provide pieces of information with ease and speed indicates that he/she remains on top of things and can always be expected to deliver the required task or information. Similarly, knowing which tasks to prioritise and which ones to leave for later is an important skill.

7 ABILITY TO WEAR MULTIPLE HATS

Theoretically, when someone is offered a job, there is a job description included in the contract. In reality however, employees are not expected to stick to only what is under their job description.

On the contrary, they are expected to get involved in other areas of the business, understand all the different steps, and offer help where necessary. At the end of the day, employers look for someone willing to try out different things, and wear multiple hats at the same time, deal with different projects and individuals, and provide more than one sole contribution at a time to the company.

8 LEADERSHIP/MANAGEMENT SKILLS

The ability to manage people is a very powerful skill. Not only can you inspire individuals to do what is right, you can guide them along the way, and you can monitor their progress in every step. Being able to lead a group and manage these individuals in a way that does not impede their progress and insult their judgement is highly desirable in today’s workplace.

With Gen Yers taking over the work place, and their strong desire to be left alone to do what they have to do, it is essential to have managers that know how to lead and manage their teams in a way that leaves all employees room to come up with their own ways of doing things. Exhibiting strong management/leadership skills is therefore a big advantage in today’s working world.

9 ATTENTION TO DETAIL

Even though many may think that the bigger picture is more important than the tiny details, attention to detail is what will make someone stand out at what they do. Paying attention to detail may save the company a lot of hassle and possibly keep the distance from a catastrophic outcome.

10 SELF-CONFIDENCE

Being self-confident exudes an aura that can convince those you work for (or with) that you know what you are doing. If you do not believe in yourself, your skills and abilities, then you cannot expect anyone else to believe in you. You need to be confident with yourself and ensure everyone sees you as someone that has the ability to pull through whatever situation comes your way.

11 PUBLIC SPEAKING

Why is it that those that are brilliant at memorising information, solving complex mathematical problems, or reciting Shakespearean plays do not always do well in the business space? Why is it that if they have to stand in front of a crowd and argue a case, they tend to flush and lose it?

Public speaking is a very crucial skill to have, which requires a lot of self-confidence, practice, and analysing of your audience. Even though it comes naturally to some people, it is definitely a skill that can be acquired, and it is a skill sought after by employers.

After all, when you meet clients, you represent the company as a whole. It is only fair that they would rather hire someone that can carry themselves well while expressing the values and products of the company.

12 TACTFULNESS

Being tactful is necessary in many situations, when dealing with clients, as well as colleagues.

No matter how much you believe you are right about something, or that it may be more useful for your colleague to know exactly what you think, realise that not everyone reacts the same way to different styles of confrontation.

It is important for individuals to know how and when to deal with various issues that may crop up in the working environment, whether they are dealing with clients, colleagues, or supervisors.

13 CREATIVITY

Being creative can be beneficial to any role you may have in the workplace. It involves the ability to find solutions to problems using creativity, reasoning and past experience, coupled with information and resources.

Using innovative ways to improve workflows and processes in the work place, or finding a new way to process a piece of work can change the company’s dynamics, save time and cost, and even improve the quality of products/services.

14 ETHICS AND INTEGRITY

Integrity and well-founded moral values should be highly-respected in the work place. Even though many scandals appear with black sheep here and there, it is essential for employees to maintain their values and integrity at all costs. Honesty and sticking to your values will definitely repay in the long run. An untainted reputation after all is what will help you move up the career ladder.

15 STRONG WORK ETHIC

Employers always look for employees that are passionate about what they do and are very committed to their assignments. They need to be assured that their employees will keep at a problem until it is solved, and they will do what is necessary to complete all tasks.

Arriving at work on time and willingness to work and take responsibility are basic indicators of an employee’s commitment. These factors can show whether an employee is cut out for a specific role.

16 ABILITY TO ACCEPT AND LEARN FROM CRITICISM

If a person demonstrates an attitude that is appreciative of feedback, it can be deduced that he/she is willing to learn. Irrespective of age and experience, everyone is constantly learning at the workplace, and one should always remain open to new information that can enhance their skills and abilities.

Jobs are constantly changing and evolving, and employees of all ranks should show that they are open to growing and learning, either by experiencing new situations, by training, or even by listening and learning from criticism.

17 SALES AND MARKETING

Knowledge of the principles and methods of promoting, presenting and selling products and services is essential, no matter what your role is in a company. At any given point in time, you might be faced with an opportunity to promote your company and its products or services to people you meet.

It could be simply promoting these to a friend or acquaintance, or it could be in a more formal environment where you are pulled in for a meeting or project. Knowledge of at least basic marketing strategy as well as a range of sales techniques and sales control systems may come in handy.

18 COMPUTER AND ELECTRONICS SKILLS

Almost all jobs nowadays require some basic understanding of computers and electronics in general. As we move to rely more on technology to help us conduct our daily tasks, be it communicating, writing, calculating, presenting, drawing, creating sound, and many others, we may need in the work place, we are being pushed towards the need to understand circuit boards, processors, electronic equipment and computers.

19 MATHEMATICS

Even if your job has nothing to do with mathematics, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, calculus, and statistics, basic knowledge of these may become necessary at some stage.

Refreshing your knowledge of mathematics often is an essential part of keeping your competitive advantage in the job market. Statistics in particular may come in handy, as many a time you might need to produce some graphs and figures by analysing quantitative data.

20 PROGRAMMING

Computer programming may be seen as a skill that only needs to be mastered by the few IT experts in an organisation. However, knowledge, even at a basic level of computer programming may come in handy if you are trying to develop a new programme that you hope may help your department in the way you process information.

Imagine, for example, that you are working in the HR department of the company and want to come up with a system that monitors and evaluates the progress, performance and salaries of all employees.

Knowing even basic computer programming could help you realise what is possible and how you can get started on this project, putting you in a better position to collaborate with the IT department of the company in order to produce a more advanced system catering to your needs.

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KOSH CREATION

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I'mJITHIN KOSHY

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