Showing posts with label trend. Show all posts
Showing posts with label trend. Show all posts
Intorduction
A perceptron is a simple model of a biological neuron in an artificial neural network. Perceptron is also the name of an early algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers.
The perceptron algorithm was designed to classify visual inputs, categorizing subjects into one of two types and separating groups with a line. Classification is an important part of machine learning and image processing. Machine learning algorithms find and classify patterns by many different means. The perceptron algorithm classifies patterns and groups by finding the linear separation between different objects and patterns that are received through numeric or visual input.
The perceptron algorithm was developed at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in 1957, funded by the United States Office of Naval Research. The algorithm was the first step planned for a machine implementation for image recognition. The machine, called Mark 1 Perceptron, was physically made up of an array of 400 photocells connected to perceptron’s whose weights were recorded in potentiometers, as adjusted by electric motors. The machine was one of the first artificial neural networks ever created.
At the time, the perceptron was expected to be very significant for the development of artificial intelligence (AI). While high hopes surrounded the initial perceptron, technical limitations were soon demonstrated. Single-layer perceptron’s can only separate classes if they are linearly separable. Later on, it was discovered that by using multiple layers, perceptron’s can classify groups that are not linearly separable, allowing them to solve problems single layer algorithms can’t solve.
Capital Market & Portfolio Investment
INTRODUCTION
The term capital market broadly defines the place where various entities trade different financial instruments. These venues may include the stock market, the bond market, and the currency and foreign exchange markets. Most markets are concentrated in major financial centers including New York, London, Singapore, and Hong Kong.
Capital markets are composed of the suppliers and users of funds. Suppliers include households and the institutions serving them—pension funds, life insurance companies, charitable foundations, and non-financial companies—that generate cash beyond their needs for investment. Users of funds include home and motor vehicle purchasers, non-financial companies, and governments financing infrastructure investment and operating expenses. Capital markets are used to sell financial products such as equities and debt securities. Equities are stocks, which are ownership shares in a company. Debt securities, such as bonds, are interest-bearing IOU.
These markets are divided into two different categories: -
Primary Markets where new equity stock and bond issues are sold to investors and Secondary Markets, which trade existing securities. Capital markets are a crucial part of a functioning modern economy because they move money from the people who have it to those who need it for productive use.
A stock market, equity market or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately. Examples of the latter include shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Stock exchanges list shares of common equity as well as other security types, e.g. corporate bonds and convertible bonds.
STOCK EXCHANGE
A stock exchange is an exchange (or bourse) where stock brokers and traders can buy and sell shares of stock, bonds, and other securities. Many large companies have their stocks listed on a stock exchange. This makes the stock more liquid and thus more attractive to many investors. The exchange may also act as a guarantor of settlement. Other stocks may be traded "over the counter" (OTC), that is, through a dealer. Some large companies will have their stock listed on more than one exchange in different countries, so as to attract international investors.
Sample : govt stocks are good for long term (defence , energy - basic essential), so many pvt companies also good for long and short term. everything oriented in risk.
TRADE
Trade in stock markets means the transfer (in exchange for money) of a stock or security from a seller to a buyer. This requires these two parties to agree on a price. Equities (stocks or shares) confer an ownership interest in a particular company. Participants in the stock market range from small individual stock investors to larger investors, who can be based anywhere in the world, and may include banks, insurance companies, pension funds and hedge funds. Their buy or sell orders may be executed on their behalf by a stock exchange trader.
How to invest in share market?
Demat and Trading Accounts:
what you have to do to invest in the share market? Firstly, open a demat and trading account online with a broker and link your bank account with that. Opening demat account is a very simple and easy process. Once you have your demat and trading account, you can start investing in the Indian share market. It’s essential for you to be familiar with the stock exchanges and their functions. Stock exchange is where buying and selling of shares take place. The stock exchanges are regulated by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India). The 2 important stock exchanges of India are NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange).
goals: -
• Define your life goals
• Learn about financial assets
• Choose the respective asset as per your need
• Start investing regularly
• Fulfill your goals
Difference between NSE and BSE
- Founded in :- 1992, 1875
- Benchmark Index :- Nifty, Sensex
- Total companies in Index :- 50, 30
- Known as:- The largest stock exchange, The oldest stock exchange
- Number of listed companies :- 5000+, 1600+
- MD & CEO:- Mr. Ashish Kumar Chauhan, Mr. Vikram Limaye
- Trading volume :- Higher, Lower than NSE
National Stock Exchange (NSE) was founded in 1992 and is in Mumbai. Electronic trading platform was first introduced by the NSE. Nifty50: Nifty is the abbreviation of National Stock Exchange 50. It is the benchmark index of NSE comprising 50 stocks.
BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) was founded in 1875 and is the oldest stock exchange in Asia. Sensex is the benchmark index of BSE and it is derived from the words sensitive and index. Sensex comprises of 30 stocks.
Sensex and Nifty are the face of the Indian as these either go up or down depending on various political and economic factors.
Key Financial Instruments Traded in Stock Market
• Shares/ Equity:
Equities or stocks or shares give you ownership of a company. You can buy or sell shares through a broker.
• Mutual funds:
Here, the money is pooled from many investors and then invested in various financial instruments. Investors are referred to as unit holders. Profit generated is distributed to unit holders in proportion to the units held by them.
• Bonds:
These are fixed income instruments also known as debt instruments by which government or a company borrows money from investors at an agreed interest rate for a specific tenure. These are less risky when compared to shares.
• Derivatives:
A derivative is a financial contract whose value is derived from an underlying asset. It can be used to mitigate a number of risks. Derivatives include forward, futures, options and swaps.
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Share market tips:
• It’s always better to do your own research before investing.
• It’s not wise to take decision based on rumors.
• Monitor your investments regularly so that you can eliminate the loss-making stocks.
• Patience is very essential for any investor.
• Take the help of research experts also before making an investment move.
• Always be updated with share market news.
LEVERAGED STRATEGIES
SHORT SELLING
In short selling, the trader borrows stock (usually from his brokerage which holds its clients' shares or its own shares on account to lend to short sellers) then sells it on the market, betting that the price will fall. The trader eventually buys back the stock, making money if the price fell in the meantime and losing money if it rose. Exiting a short position by buying back the stock is called "covering". This strategy may also be used by unscrupulous traders in illiquid or thinly traded markets to artificially lower the price of a stock.
MARGIN BUYING
In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks' value.
Advantages of Investing in the Stock Market
• Investment Gains
• Dividend Income
• Diversification
• Ownership
PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT
Portfolio investments can span a wide range of asset classes such as stocks, government bonds, corporate bonds, Treasury bills, real estate investment trusts (REITs), exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds and certificates of deposit. Portfolio investments can also include options, derivatives such as warrants and futures, and physical investments such as commodities, real estate, land, and timber. The composition of investments in a portfolio depends on a number of factors. Some of the most important include the investor’s risk tolerance, investment horizon and amount invested. For a young investor with limited funds, mutual funds or exchange-traded funds may be appropriate portfolio investments. For a high net worth individual, portfolio investments may include stocks, bonds, commodities, and rental properties.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
• A portfolio investment is a diversified approach to investing that seeks a return.
• A portfolio investment is long-term and passive (buy-and-hold) strategy.
• Risk tolerance and time horizon are key factors in building any portfolio investment.
Why do companies get listed on exchanges?
1. Transparency and automated trading
2. Huge Reach
3. High transaction speed
Role of exchanges
1. Market where securities are traded
2. Responsible for evaluation of stock prices
3. Safeguards investors
4. Acts as barometer for a country’s economy
5. Broader range of investment avenues
CONCLUSION
An investment fund is a supply of capital belonging to numerous investors used to collectively purchase securities while each investor retains ownership and control of his own shares. Though it is often said that stock market investment is risky with little effort you can earn regularly from the stock market. All you need is the right strategy and skills to choose the right stocks. Besides you should have ability to take risks and stay positive even at the bad times.
INTRODUCTION
Blockchain Technology serves as a platform that allows forwarding of advanced information without the risk of duplication. It has, so to speak, created the framework of a solid backbone of a different kind of web space. Blockchain is a kind of electronic money management calculation and information distribution structure without the advocacy of any federated administration programmed to record all budget changes and all appreciation. Originally thought to manage Bitcoin trying to explain to the layman, about the elements of his calculations, the hashing capabilities, and the computer-aided signature trait, technology enthusiasts today find other potential uses of this flawless innovation necessary for starting an entirely new business process management on the planet. Every time someone makes a transaction, a new record is added to the blockchain that tells other users that some coins have been moved from one wallet to another. Unlike a bank ledger, however, the Blockchain is distributed and public. There's no one person who has control over it.
BlockChain:
A blockchain is basically a digital accounting system that dispenses with a central instance for controlling and monitoring transactions and entries. Instead, the actors continue decentralized data sets, each containing and updating immutable elements. These elements are intended to ensure the credibility and reliability of the system over a longer period of time.
Bitcoin Transaction:
A transaction is a single operation in the blockchain network When triggered by an address, this triggers, nodes are computers in a network that have the blockchain software.
The First Transaction was held on Jan 3, 2009 for 50 BTC
The work of Blockchain:
Blockchain technology provides a method of safe and efficient creation of a tamper-proof log of susceptible activities. It's a common file occupied with entries which necessitates confirmation & encryption. The blockchain information does not exist in a single place. The conceptual framework and fundamental codes of this lucrative technology is important for various financial operations since it offers document security to many companies including digital substitute methods for the banks. Information stored on a blockchain is a common leaf whose information is recorded from time to time. It is a useful way that speaks of many clear advantages. It provides highly secured transaction. It means that everything that's hidden there is open to general visibility and verification. In addition, there is no built-in information that incorporates the level that programmers can degenerate.
Types of Blockchains: Public, Private, Consortium
Importance Of Blockchain Technology
Blockchain technology is a big revolutionary in transaction. It provides in each individual to the minimum degree of answerability and lesser wrong transactions, errors due to human or machines and even transactions done without the consent of the other parties. It's also crystal clear from most transactions that blockchain assists to warranty the legitimacy of any transaction simply by recording it not only on the major register but also a linked disseminated system registers, all of which are linked through a safe and sound validation system.
The Advantages
They're difficult to modify, due to the cryptographic technologies used to verify new blocks and hash old ones. They are not controlled by a single authority. Every computer on the Bitcoin network can contribute to keeping the blockchain safe and adding new blocks
DATA STRUCTURE IN BLOCKCHAIN
The blockchain data structure is explained as a back-linked record of blocks of transactions, which is ordered. It can be saved as a file or in a plain database. Each block can be recognized by a hash, created utilizing the SHA256 cryptographic hash algorithm on the header of the block. Each block mentions a former block.
- Index – This term symbolizes the location of the block inside the blockchain. The first block is indexed ‘0’, the next ‘1’, and so on.
- Hash – Hash is the function which facilitates the rapid classification of data in the dataset
- Previous hash – Each and every block in blockchain data structure, is associated with its ancestors.
- Timestamp – It saves the time aspects of when the block was built.
- Nonce – It saves the integer (32 or 64bits) that are utilized in the mining method.
- Transaction – This is a different track saved as arrays in the frame of the block. They save the specific version of a transaction executed so far in the block.
- Merkel Tree– It is a binary hash tree, is a data structure utilized for efficiently compiling and validating the uprightness of large sets of data.
BLOCK
A block is a package data structure, a block is a container data structure that clusters transactions for incorporation in the public ledger known as the blockchain.
Applications of Blockchain
Blockchain
is a highly emerging technology is seen as one of the most innovative and
disruptive technologies since the internet. It is revolutionizing
most every industry. The blockchain is a chain of blocks where each block
contains data of value without any central supervision. Here are just a few applications
of blockchain technology.
Retail and Entertainment
·
Warrantee: Consumers to easily access info regarding the
products they purchased and get service in the case of product malfunction.
·
Loyyal:- This loyalty and
rewards platform creates more customized programs that even allow for
multi-branded rewards.
·
Spotify: When Spotify acquired blockchain startup Media chain Labs it was to
help develop solutions via a decentralized database to better connect artists
and licensing agreements with the tracks on Spotify’s service.
·
Guts: A transparent ticketing ecosystem that uses blockchain
technology to eliminate ticket fraud and the secondary ticket market.
Supply chains and logistics
·
IBM Blockchain: Transparency with a shared record of ownership and
location of parts and products in real time.
·
Food industry: Improve the transparency and efficiency of finding out
what food might be contaminated and where throughout the supply chain.
Insurance and Real Estate
·
Proof of insurance: Nationwide insurance company is currently
testing a blockchain solution to provide proof-of-insurance information called Risk
Block.
Healthcare
·
MedicalChain: Storage and utilization of electronic
health records in order to deliver a complete telemedicine experience.
·
Nano Vision: Nano Vision combines the power of
blockchain with AI to gather molecular-level data on Nano Tokens. AI then sifts
through the data to find trends and analyze connections that will lead to
medical breakthroughs.
